WEDNESDAY, APRIL 08, 2009
Rumah Untuk Wanita, Rumah Ibu, Rumah Perak, Baju Puteri Perak dan "Perak Woman": Perbincangan Mencari Pengertian Gender, Feminiti & Feminism
Rumah ibu mempunyai bumbung yang tertinggi. Ia turut menempatkan atau berfungsi sebagai serambi di bahagian depan dan sebuah bilik. Di sebelah kiri bilik terdapat ruang seakan serambi menyamai bahagian serambi utama di sebelah kanan, mungkin ianya adalah untuk ahli keluarga perempuan. Rumah ibu mempunyai tingkap menghala ke rumah dapur. Rumah ibu dipisahkan atau dihubungkan oleh selang yang lebih terbuka. Selang mempunyai ketinggian yang sedikit rendah, sekitar 15cm sehingga 30cm dari aras rumah ibu dan rumah dapur. Rumah dapur menempatkan segala peralatan memasak dan ruang makan. Ia dihubungkan oleh selang untuk ke rumah ibu. Di penghujung rumah dapur terdapat pelantar, berfungsi sebagai tempat penyediaan makanan dan ruang letak untuk hasil dari kebun atau sungai. (http://silverian.org)
It is more likely that Uda Manap built the house for his bride, Ngah Porbu, who came from Indonesia in the 1890's to marry him. She was a wealthy woman who brought with her beautiful textiles and household artifacts. As the local custom, or adat, prescribes that property is held by women, the house should rightly be known as Rumah Ngah Porbu. Ngah died in 1946 and left the house to her granddaughter who apparently married the grandson of Maharaja Lela. She died in the '80s and left the house to her youngest daughter Rohani.
The house was built by Chinese craftsmen from Indonesia, at a time when the Perak River was the main thoroughfare into the hinterland and the village was wealthy from the tin trade. The wooden shingle roof timber can only have come from Sumatra where belian wood is found.
The house, made of durable indigenous hard woods, is typical of Perak in its form and layout, but its decoration is unusual. Carved wall panels and window shutters feature Chinese motifs, dragons and calligraphic characters combined with flowers and birds. The lightness of the carving, necessary because of the extreme hardness of the wood, is balanced by the brightly coloured lime based paint (kapor) that highlights the design.
By the time the house was moved to Rimbun Dahan in 1998, it was derelict. The roof and floors had collapsed and much of the diagonal wall paneling was rotted and broken, but most of the structural members were sound. All timbers, carvings and shutters were numbered and photographed before dismantling.
The rooms behind the rumah ibu were not worth salvaging, they had been built of inferior materials and lacked the decorative detail of the front. They were measured and documented from the remains, but nothing was relocated from this portion except for some carvings and a pair of doors.
Wherever possible, old timber was used in the restoration. The floor timbers are from other houses demolished in Perak (note the saw milling marks), but the new belian roof shingles had to be brought from Sarawak.
The present layout follows the original with these modifications:
· The main entrance was moved to the opposite side to suit the new site. The porch roof, which was added later to the original was roofed in belian.
· The ceiling shape was changed to follow the roof line, originally it didn't do so and possibly concealed a hiding place.
· The window shutters were reversed to display the single sided decoration on the outside while they are open during the day, and on the inside at night.
· The selang sloped down to the back, leading to a large room and a roofed dapur, or kitchen. In the present house, the selang is flat (the dining room) and leads to the new kitchen, a staircase, and a back bedroom.
· The roofless veranda was originally another room, but the house was already big enough for Rimbun Dahan's purposes. The verandah's footprint does, however, record the size and the floor level of the original.
· A pair of doors on the original selang walls led to a lost staircase/ladder, so the doors have been reused at the ground level entrance.
· A new toilet and shower were added below the new kitchen.
The modern kitchen retains the open roofed shelves typical of the period. Unlike the original, the new house has water and electricity. The light fittings in the main room are from the '30s and were bought in Malacca, as was the furniture. The light switches are Australian, manufactured for restoration of Federation houses. (Coincidentally, Federation was also in 1901). Two items were found in the derelict house and restored: the tall room divider with drawers and open shelves, and the desk in the smallest room off the rumah ibu, where prints of Birch's death and the manhunt (Illustrated London News of the 1870s) are displayed.
The internal carvings did not need repainted and they remain an important example of the quality of the original decoration. The external carvings had lost almost all traces of colour, but enough remained to guide the restoration. The external blue could only be matched by using laundry blueing bags (nila), the traditional colour source. The same blue was used on many old buildings in Penang such as the Cheong Fatt Sze Mansion.
Helen Crawford, the Australian resident artist at Rimbun Dahan during the restoration, designed the new carved panels outside the selang to reflect the house's new purpose. The motifs are Australian and contemporary: the sulphur crested cockatoo and Sturt's Desert Pea are well known examples of Australian fauna and flora; the biawak, or monitor lizard, is a current resident of the garden, and grape vines and vegetables acknowledge the present use as a dining room.
The house is used as accommodation for the Rimbun Dahan residency programme for artists and writers. As a guest house for people working in the arts, architecture, sustainable development and conservation, it will be experienced by many people in the century to come.
Interiors
(www.rimbundahan.org/ architecture)
Di sinilah ditemui persamaan ciri reka bentuk pakaian wilayah budaya Melayu seperti baju kurung Palembang, baju kurung Melayu-Brunei dan baju panjang Minangkabau yang umumnya dikenal sebagai baju teluk belanga. Keistimewaan konsep pakaian cara Melayu dibuktikan dengan wujudnya ciri reka bentuk pakaian tradisional Melayu yang diterima sebagai salah satu identiti budaya Melayu. Perbandingan pola baju Melayu kurung Johor dengan pakaian Cik Siti Wan Kembang dan Puteri Perak lebih memperlihatkan kesinambungan pengaruh dua unsur utama yang menyerap masuk melalui perkembangan sejarah dan budaya. Pakaian Cik Siti Wan Kembang adalah warisan budaya Seriwijaya, manakala Puteri Perak pula adalah kesan asimilasi budaya Melayu-Aceh. Kini kedua-dua pakaian ini adalah simbol kebesaran yang dijadikan pakaian adat. (Siti Zainon Ismail - Pakaian Cara Melayu)
Seluar Acheh sutera bertenun benang emas, berkain samping diikat di pinggang dengan tali pinggang dan pending, berbaju leher cekak musang diserikan dengan selendang panjang dilampaikan di bahu kanan dan hujung selendang yang sebelah lagi disangkutkan di lengan kiri merupakan persalinan terkenal Puteri Perak.
Bermula dari penghijrahan Sultan Muzaffar Shah, putera sulung Sultan Mahmud maka terbentuk sebuah kerajaan di tepian Sungai Perak. Maka wujud sistem pengganti dalam institusi kesultanan, bermula dengan Raja Di Hilir, Raja Bendahara, Raja Muda dan Paduka Seri Sultan. Institusi kesultanan ini melahirkan pakaian istiadat gemilang warna warni mengikut kedudukan dan martabat golongan istana.
Pakaian diraja ini dibuat dari songket bunga tabur sedondon. Lelaki memakai Baju Melayu Cekak Musang, tengkolok, bengkung dan ikatan samping Perak. Wanita memakai pakaian Puteri Perak berseluar panjang songket jong sarat
Lelaki berbaju Melayu Cekak Musang, kain samping ikatan Perak, berbengkung dan kepala berhias Justar Sering hiasan kepala yang dipakai di hari perkahwinan. Wanita memakai pakaian Puteri Perak berseluar Acheh dan berselendang songket penuh
Pakaian Puteri Perak yang diubahsuai menjadi pakaian kebiasaan tetapi masih mengekalkan ciri-ciri sut 5, baju, seluar, samping, selendang dan bengkung. Baju Sikap Perak yang juga telah diubahsuai sebagai pakaian kebiasaan tetapi mengekalkan ciri- ciri asal Baju Sikap. Pakaian Zarith Gangga direka sebagai salah satu pakaian perkahwinan puteri diraja Perak. Pakaian kemban dari songket dipadankan dengan Kebaya les dan selendang dari pinggang yang dilepaskan di belakang bahu. Pakaian Puteri Perak dari baldu hitam dan seluar Aceh songket. Selendang dan samping juga dari songket tenun Terengganu. (www.heritage.gov.my)
1 comments:
Apakah pemakaian seluar untuk pakaian Puteri Perak ada kaitana dengan Aceh, sememangnya orang memanggilnya seluar Aceh, tapi kenapa dan bila mereka mula memakainya. Apakah ianya ada kaitannya dengan Raja2 perempuan Aceh yang enam itu, apakah Perak mempunyai pertalian yang kuat dengan kerajaan Aceh. Atau apakah seluar itu semamangnya terpengaruh dari seluar punjabi dari India, apakah hubungannya dan bila zamannya?